Cenotes of the Yucatán

Understand

The underground river systems of the Yucatan flow beneath the entire peninsula. During the ice ages when the ocean levels were much lower than they are today, what was once a giant coral reef became exposed to the atmosphere and eventually became the Yucatan Peninsula. Massive cave systems were formed by gradual dissolving of the highly porous coral limestone. These caves are called "solution caves" because they were formed by the slightly acidic rainfall dissolving the alkaline limestone. Inside the caves the geological formations such as stalactites and stalagmites are a spectacular sight to see. Many of the caverns eventually collapsed and the sea levels rose partially or completely flooding the cave systems. The water table of the entire peninsula is filled with consists of seawater at sea level and freshwater 'floating' on top at varying depth depending on the distance from the sea. For instance, Cenote Zaci in Valladolid in the central Yucatan area is about 35 metres from ground level to the surface of the freshwater and probably another 30 metres below that would be the top of the saltwater layer. It has been estimated that there are approximately 30,000 cenotes or exposed access points to these cavern and cave systems and thousands of miles of underwater cave passageways have already been explored and exploration continues in too many systems to count. Two of these cave systems have over 140 km of explored passages. Cenotes are complexes of sinkholes and caves in the Karst geological landscape of the Yucatán. Some cenotes contain spectacular cave formations, while others are important archaeological sites, and several were considered sacred by the Mayans. A few are open to the public for swimming and diving. Of the estimated 30,000 cenotes, many of them unexplored, many are considered to be Mayan cultural and archaeological sites. Ancient fossilized remains of Camels, giant jaguars and mammoths are among the interesting archaeological finds. Most of these have been found by cave divers exploring underwater cave systems and some sites are now protected by INAH, the Mexican government archaeological and historical protection organisation.

Tour operators e

Prepare

Some cenotes are privately owned while others are run by local Mayan communities such is the case of Yokdzonot Cenote nearby Chichen Itza; if you go, they will provide you with a life jacket for a small fee. Yokdzonot Cenote and Ecological Garden should not be missed, the water is pristine blue, the place clean and well kept by a group of local Mayan women that built their own restaurant and palapas on site, with clean public bathrooms and an eco-friendly wastewater system.

Get in

1 Cancún International Airport (CUN IATA); 2 Cozumel International Airport (CZM IATA) and 3 Manuel Crescencio Rejón International Airport (MID IATA) in Merida are the most popular entry points to the Yucatan peninsula from all over Mexico. There are direct international flights from Canada, Cuba (handy for unofficial visits to Cuba), Europe, Central America, the United States and South America into Cancun and only from the United States and Canada to Merida and Cozumel. 4 Chetumal International Airport (CTM IATA) offers a limited selection of flights to cities in Mexico and the US, mostly to the two Mexico City airports. 5 Tulum International Airport (TQO IATA) is a new international airport just outside Tulum. As of May 2025 there are domestic flights from Mexico City-AIFA, Guadalajara and Monterrey. There is year-round service from San Jose (Costa Rica), Montreal and Toronto-Pearson in Canada, Bogota (Colombia) and Atlanta, Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston and Miami in the US. There are also seasonal flights from Calgary, Detroit, Frankfurt, Minneapolis/St Paul, New York-JFK, Newark, and Quebec City.

By car By land you can get into the Yucatan from Belize and Guatemala. The busiest land crossing is from Belize to Chetumal. The western terminus of la ruta is in Mérida, while the eastern terminus is at Puerto Morelos on the Caribbean coast in the state of Quintana Roo. From anywhere on the Quintana Roo coast, take highway MEX-307 to Puerto Morelos where you will turn west onto the Ruta los Cenotes (as marked on official signs). The first cenote is just 6 KM from the main highway.

By train Tren Maya is a 1,500 km intercity railway through the 5 states of the Yucatan Peninsula. It has numerous stations near well-known cenotes and could be used to visit quite a few, particularly in conjunction with visits to Mayan archaeological sites. The closest station to the eastern end of the Ruta de los Cenotes is Puerto Morelos. The closest station to the western end of Ruta de los Cenotes is Merida-Teya. From either end of the route, you can rent a car or motorbike and then take as much time as you like and visit the cenotes that most interest you, or your can take an orga

Fees and permits

Many are on private land and accessible only with permission. Most are basically inaccessible by normal means but dozens are open to the public. Entrance fees vary from M$50 to M$200 for cenotes managed by locals. Commercial operations will charge more, US$15-30, usually with more to do or see.

Do

Snorkel independently in one or more. Guided snorkel and diving tours offered by many local dive shops such as Maya Diving Swim in them. Hiking and walking in the areas around the cenotes can be very interesting with a lot of animals birds and plant life to be seen.

Drive

Parts of the route are unpaved. It is listed in Spanish touring guides as a corredor turístico, and is marked in a number of places. At the eastern terminus on Highway 307, there is an archway constructed of concrete. Most of the route was laid out over existing secondary roads. The name is used locally in Quintana Roo for a road segment that connects Puerto Morelos with the interior.

1 Dzibilchaltún. 15 km north of Mérida in a Mayan archeological site, it has ancient petroglyphs. Xlacah. In 1958, an expedition sponsored by the National Geographic Society recovered more than 30,000 objects, many of them ritual objects associated with Mayan civilization. 2 Cuzamá. There are at least three spectacular cenotes near the village of Cuzamá and several more around the nearby village of Homún. Cenotes in Cuzama can be reached by hiring a guide from the village. The guide carries equipment to the site via a horse-drawn cart running over an abandoned narrow gauge railroad. The entrance to Bolonchoojol is a hole in the ground with a ladder constructed by welding old railroad ties. Inside is well-lit cavern with crystal clear water and huge stalactites and stalagmites. Chansinic'che is another cenote at Cuzamá, also accessible with a railroad tie ladder, but a faster way to enter is to dive from a precipice near the surface (about 10 m). Chelentun is much more open, and can be reached by a concrete staircase built into the rock, with a handrail. The entire cave is swimable. Ring of Cenotes (formally, Reserva Estatal Geohidrológica Anillo de Cenotes) is a Yucatan state park that actually includes Cuzama, but several other cenotes as well, following the edge of the Chicxulub crater (from the meteorite strike that is thought to have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs). Other cenotes that are part of the park include San Antonio, Noh-Mozon, and Chunkuy. Cenotes are everywhere in the Yucatan and the state park includes dozens that are known to locals but not listed in travel guides. If you get the chance to hire a local guide to the cenotes, he may show you one or more of the "secret" cenotes. Tunkas. Although 97 cenotes have been discovered near this town, none are acce

Stay safe

Lock your doors and be careful of cenotes where there is no supervision or where the parking areas are remote. People have had their cars broken into and items stolen.

Go next

Thousands of cenotes are found in every corner of the Yucatan Peninsula. Many are largely unknown to foreign travelers but are open to the public. Some destinations with nearby publicly open cen