莫斯科

Russia · Europe

Moscow, Russia. Photo via Wikimedia Commons.

關於莫斯科

莫斯科是俄羅斯的首都和最大城市，位於俄羅斯中部的莫斯科河畔。城市人口估計超過1300萬人，都市區人口超過1910萬人，都會區人口超過2150萬人。城市面積達2511平方公里（970平方英里），都市區面積達5891平方公里（2275平方英里），都會區面積超過26000平方公里（10000平方英里）。莫斯科是世界上最大的城市之一，是完全位於歐洲的最多人口城市，也是歐洲最大的都市區和都會區，並且是歐洲陸地面積最大的城市。

莫斯科最早的記載可追溯到1147年，後來成為莫斯科大公國的首都，該國在15世紀統一了俄羅斯各地，並成為統一國家的中心。1547年俄羅斯沙皇國成立後，莫斯科仍然是俄羅斯的大部分歷史中的政治和經濟中心。在彼得大帝統治期間，俄羅斯首都被遷移到新成立的聖彼得堡市，導致莫斯科在帝制時期的重要性下降。俄羅斯革命和俄羅斯蘇維埃社會主義共和國成立後，首都在1918年被遷回莫斯科。該城市後來成為蘇聯的政治中心，並在蘇聯時期經歷了顯著的人口增長。在蘇聯解體後，莫斯科仍然是重新成立的俄羅斯聯邦的首都，並繼續增長。

莫斯科是世界上最北和最冷的特大城市，作為一個聯邦城市，莫斯科是俄羅斯和東歐的政治、經濟、文化和科學中心。莫斯科擁有世界上最大的都市經濟之一，億萬富翁數量居世界第二（與香港並列）。莫斯科國際商務中心是世界上最大的金融中心之一，擁有歐洲大部分最高的摩天大樓。莫斯科曾是1980年夏季奧運會的主辦城市，也是2018年國際足協世界盃的主辦城市之一。

城市內有多個聯合國教科文組織世界遺產，莫斯科以俄羅斯建築的展示而聞名，特別是在紅場和聖巴西爾大教堂等地區，以及莫斯科克里姆林宮，後者是俄羅斯政府的權力中心。莫斯科是俄羅斯各行各業公司的所在地，城市擁有完善的交通網絡，包括四個國際機場、十個鐵路站、有軌電車系統、單軌鐵路系統和莫斯科地鐵，後者是歐洲最繁忙的地鐵系統之一，也是世界上最大的快速交通系統之一。城市有超過40％的領土被綠地覆蓋，使其成為世界上最綠的城市之一。

莫斯科旅遊指南

城市概覽

Moscow is the financial and political centre of Russia and the countries formerly comprising the Soviet Union. It has a population of around 13 million and an area of 2,511 square kilometres (970 sq mi) after an expansion in 2012. Moscow is the second most populous city in Europe, after Istanbul, and has the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, with some 21 million residents, comprising roughly one-seventh of the population of Russia. Moscow is in the UTC+3 time zone; there is no daylight saving time. Many years since the break up of the Soviet Union, the economy has improved, and the modern era has brought upon a wide variety of construction projects, modern architecture and newer transport systems. The Moscow Metro, in particular, is the longest and busiest subway system in Europe. The city also features Europe's largest concentration of skyscrapers.

Geography

Moscow is a large metropolis on the Moskva River, which bends its way through the city. The historical center is on the northern bank of the river. The other major waterway is the Yauza River, which flows into the Moskva east of the Kremlin. Much of Moscow's geography is defined by the 3 'Ring Roads' that circle the city at various distances from the centre, roughly following the outline of the walls that used to surround Moscow. With Red Square and the Kremlin forming the very centre, the innermost ring road is the Boulevard Ring (Bulvarnoye Koltso), built in the 1820s where the 16th century walls used to be. It runs from the Christ the Savior Cathedral in south-west central Moscow, to the mouth of the Yauza in south-east central Moscow. The next ring road, the Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso), derives its name from the fact that landowners near the road in Tsarist times were obligated to maintain gardens to make the road attractive. In Soviet times, the road was widened, and there are now no gardens there. The Third Ring Road, completed in 2004, is not much use for tourists but is a heavily used motorway which absorbs a bit of Moscow's traffic. It roughly follows the outline of Kamer-Kollezhsky val, the customs boundary of Moscow in the 18th – early 20th century. The outer edge of Moscow is largely defined by the Moscow Ring Road (widely known by its abbreviation: MKAD-Moskovskaya kolcevaya avto doroga), a motorway which is 108 km (67 mi) long and encircles the entire city (similar to London's M25 and Paris' Périphérique).

Climate The climate of Moscow features warm summers and long, cold winters. Temperatures average below freezing for four months a year, between mid-November and m

如何抵達

See Russia#Get in for visa requirements to Russia.

By plane Moscow (MOW IATA for all airports) has four commercial passenger airports. The ones foreign visitors are most likely to arrive in are Sheremetyevo and Domodedovo. 1 Sheremetyevo International Airport (SVO IATA) (32 km (20 mi) northwest of the centre of Moscow, in the city of Khimki), ☏ +7 495 232-65-65. The main hub of Russian flag carrier Aeroflot. There are multiple terminals - check your departure terminal before arriving at the airport. To travel between the airport and the city:

Aeroexpress is the only rail link to the airport. Trains operate between the airport and the Belorussky Railway Terminal in the northwest section of the city centre. It also makes additional stops at Okruznaya, Savelovsky train station and Begovaya, where you can connect to the metro. Trains stop every 30 or 60 minutes from 05:00 to 00:30. The journey takes 50 minutes and costs 525 руб; tickets can be purchased online. Keep your paper or mobile ticket for the entire Aeroexpress journey. From the Belorussky Railway Terminal, the journey to the city center takes an additional 20 minutes by metro. Bus #851 (57 руб for a 90-minute transfer ticket purchased from the driver) and Bus #949 (80 руб) operate service between the terminals and the Rechnoy Vokzal Metro Station of Metro Line 2 (dark green). If taking a cheaper regular bus #851 or #817 (see below), the driver hands you a red card, which you then have to validate at the scanner, or you can purchase a ticket or Troika transport card at the ticket machine right at the bus stop in front of Terminal D arrival hall's exit. The majority of drivers don't speak any English, so don't depend on them for assistance. Once you get off the bus, continue by foot a few steps in the direction the bus was going in, and you'll see the metro station on your right in the first opening between the buildings. When returning to the airport, after leaving the Rechnoy Vokzal metro station, cross the street, go around the fence on the other side of the street and look for the bus under the orange-colored shopping center. Bus #817 (61 руб for a 90-minute transfer ticket purchased from the driver) or Bus #948 (85 руб) operate service between the terminals and the Planernaya metro station, at the northwest terminus of Metro Line 7 (purple). The journey by bus to the metro stations takes approximately 40 minutes and the journey to the city centre by metro takes an additional 40 minutes. Buses operate from approximately 05:30 to 00:45. Bus #1195 (300 руб one-way or 500 руб round-trip), oper

當地交通

By public transport Yandex Maps is the best mobile app for planning journeys on public transport. The metro is comprehensive, boasts some great architecture, and is relatively cheap. City buses, trolleybuses, trams and metro operated under "Moskovskii transport" franchise by different operators but common fare system. The cheapest way to use the public transportation system is to purchase a plastic Troika re-loadable debit card. The card costs 50 руб and can be redeemed for cash at the end of your trip. You can "top up" your balance at any metro station. For each trip taken, 57 руб will be deducted from your card. If you make a change from the metro to a ground transport or other way around within the next 90 minutes of your trip, the next shoulder will cost you only 22 руб. The Troika card also can also be used via a mobile app. Troika cards can also be used to pay an Aeroexpress tickets, Velobike bike sharing, the entrance to the Moscow Zoo, the Tretyakov Gallery and the Lunarium Museum of the Moscow Planetarium. Alternatively, red paper cards can be purchased at metro stations at a cost of 70 руб per trip or 340 руб for 24-hours. Also there is unlimited tickets for 1, 3, 30, 90 or 365 days which is very useful, if you plan to use public transport a lot.

By metro

The Metro is open from 05:30-01:00. Station entrances are closed at 01:00, and at this time the last trains depart from all of the termini stations. After 01:00, many locals will enter the train station using the exits, which are still open. Service on the ring line runs until 01:30, although entrances are closed at 01:00. The down escalators are also shut off at 01:00. There is signage in the Metro stations in English and the Latin alphabet, but these signs are not everywhere. Each train carriage has a map in Latin script and there is one near the entrance to each station. Note the direction of the train before you alight. A map of the metro system in both Cyrillic and Latin letters is available online. All trains in the system have free WiFi onboard, but you will need to have a Russian phone number to get the authorization code to access the WiFi. Some of the older train cars are not climate controlled. 2 or 3 stations may be connected as transfer points but will each have a different name. There are 2 stations called Smolenskaya and 2 stations called Arbatskaya, but the station pairs are not connected to each other despite having the same name. Some of the stations are very deep underground, and transfer times between certain metro lines can take a lot of time. In the city centre, it

必看景點

Individual listings can be found in Moscow's district articles Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of Saint Basil's Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. and the Seven Sisters. Look out for the monumental Stalinist architecture, most famously the Seven Sisters. Also check out a preserved collection of monumental buildings centred within the historic areas of the Kremlin and Red Square. Moscow is a very green city: Gorky Park along the Moskva river contains estrades, children's attraction, dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. Moscow has many notable art museums. The Tretyakov Gallery houses works in the classic Russian tradition and the works of Soviet artists. The Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts has a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, and paintings from every major Western era; works by Claude Monet, Paul Cézanne, and Pablo Picasso are present in the museum's collection. The State Historical Museum of Russia has exhibitions that range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty.

體驗活動

Moscow has many attractions, but many of them are not friendly to a non-Russian-speaker. The Moscow Times is an English-language newspaper help to navigate towards English-language friendly attractions and services; however, it may be hard to access due to its political stance. Make sure you visit a Russian bathhouse (banya) while in Moscow, as it's an important Russian tradition and some Russians, especially those over 40 years old, go at least once a week. Have a hot steam, followed by a good whipping with birch branches. While it's not the most pleasant experience, the benefits you'll receive afterward will enable you to understand why Russians are loyal to their banya. The Great Moscow State Circus in Moscow's outskirts has 5 arenas (equestrian, water, illusionist, ice rink, and light-effect) 18 m below the floor. Moscow Nikulin Circus is in Moscow/Central-North. The Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow/Central-North is one of the most famous in the world, in the center of the city. Includes ballet, opera, and classical music performances. The Sun of Moscow in Moscow's outskirts is Europe's tallest Ferris wheel (140 m height). The Moscow Zoo, also in Moscow's outskirts, is the oldest zoo, dating to 1864, and the biggest zoo in Russia, has over 6,000 animals representing about 1000 species and covers an area of about 21.5 hectares. You can go ice skating in Moscow's outskirts at the Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure, and Luzhniki aka Kristall skating ring. Moscow has four football teams playing in the Premier League, the top tier of Russian football. Russian football clubs were suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. This ban has been extended to the 2025-26 season. All four play in stadiums in Moscow's outskirts.

購物

Currency exchange offices are plentiful in the city, but be sure to count your change and note that the advertised rates sometimes don't include an added commission or only apply to large exchanges. Be sure to break your 5,000 руб and 1,000 руб notes where you can since the smaller merchants, street vendors and even many metro clerks often refuse them. Large shopping malls are common near metro stations.

美食

Dining establishments in Moscow range from food stalls near metro stations to quick canteen-style 'Stolovaya' eateries to American-style fast food chains to overpriced restaurants catering to tourists to high-end restaurants where you can spend 10,000 руб. Restaurants and cafes promising "European and Caucasus cuisine" generally cater to tourists and are usually bad; seek a restaurant that specializes in a single region instead (Georgian, Russian, Italian, French, etc.). Many small restaurants offer lunch specials costing 200-250 руб. These deals are valid from 12:00 to 15:00 and include a cup of soup or an appetizer, a small portion of the main dish of the day, bread and a non-alcoholic beverage. For information on tipping in restaurants, see Russia#Eat. Authentic ethnic food from countries of the nearby Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia) is common in Moscow. Japanese food, including sushi, rolls, tempura, and steakhouses are very popular in Moscow. Other Asian cuisines including Vietnamese, Thai, and Chinese are becoming increasingly more common.

Budget

Street food Free-standing kiosks serving sausages, meat pies, or kebobs are plentiful, although the origins of the meat served is questionable and the food has been known to occasionally make people sick. Muscovites are also fond of their ice cream, consumed in any weather, even in the dead of winter, cheap and usually of superior quality; kiosks can be found all over the center and near all Metro stations.

Fast food chains Burger King and Rostics have locations near almost every shopping mall. It is common to pay extra for condiments. Black Star Burger - Restaurant chain specializing in burgers with locations throughout Russia. Kroshka-Kartoshka – These green kiosks sell microwave-baked potatoes as well as toasted sandwiches and a few drinks. Hot and filling, but rather expensive for a potato. Riksha Ivan ("Ivan the Rickshaw") – Quick Chinese-like cuisine; fried rice with meat to go. Teremok – This chain started as a fast-food specialized on blinchiki, Russian crepes that come with a variety of fillings, with a somewhat national old-fashioned touch towards style and cuisine. Teremok is one of the cheapest chains offering a proper quality 3-course meals, including a soup, a main dish with a salad and a dessert. The drinks are overpriced, but not unreasonably so. Kruzhka – Serves cheap food and mugs of beer. 20 locations around Moscow. The menu is relatively simple, consisting mainly of types of kebab and shawarma, with fries. Sports events are on often shown on televisions or a big screen

飲品與夜生活

Individual listings can be found in Moscow's district articles

Clubs Nightlife in Moscow is bustling, intense and exciting. It starts quite late; it's common for the headliners to start at 02:00-02:00. Most noticeable are areas near Solyanka street and Krasniy Oktyabr' place. At summer time a lot of clubs opening open-air terraces called "verandas". Most of clubs in Moscow are very picky of who they let in, so make sure you have a positive attitude and dress up if you are going to a fancy club.

Cafes Moscow has several café chains with great coffee including Coffeemania and Coffee Bean. Moscow also has a good selection of tea saloons. High-quality infusion teas such as Newby, are widely available in cafes, both in packets and loose. Asking to add boiling water to the tea you ordered earlier is a practice that some cafes don't welcome, but normally it's acceptable.

住宿