Calvary

Calvary (Latin: Calvariae, or Calvariae locus) or Golgotha (Biblical ᾶ), derived from Golgolta (Jewish Palestinian Aramaic), was a site immediately outside Roman Jerusalem's walls where, according to Christianity's four canonical gospels, Jesus was crucified. Since at least the early medieval period, it has been a destination for pilgrimage. The exact location of Calvary has traditionally been associated with a place now enclosed within one of the southern chapels of the multidenominational Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a site traditionally believed to have been identified by the Roman empress Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, during her visit to the Holy Land in 325. Other locations have been suggested: in the 19th century, Protestant scholars proposed a different location near the Garden Tomb on Green Hill (now "Skull Hill") about 500 m (1, 600 ft) north of the traditional site. The English names Calvary and Golgotha derive from the Vulgate Latin Calvariae, Calvariae locus and locum (all meaning "place of the Skull" or "a Skull"), and Golgotha used by Jerome in his translations of Matthew 27:33, Mark 15:22, Luke 23:33, and John 19:17. Versions of these names have been used in English since at least the 10th century, a tradition shared with most European languages including French (Calvaire), Cymraeg (Calfaria), Spanish and Italian (Calvario), pre-Lutheran German (Calvarie), Polish (Kalwaria), Croatian (Kalvarija), and Lithuanian (Kalvarijos). The 1611 King James Version borrowed the Latin forms directly, while Wycliffe and other translators anglicized them in forms like Caluarie, Caluerie, and Calueri which were later standardized as Calvary. While the Gospels merely identify Golgotha as a "place", Christian tradition has described the location as a hill or mountain since at least the 6th century. It has thus often been referred to as Mount Calvary in English hymns and literature. In the 1769 King James Version, the relevant verses of the New Testament are:

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