Königsberg

Königsberg (, German: [ˈkøːnɪçsbɛʁk] or [ˈkøːnɪksbɛʁk] ) was a German city established in the 13th century, which after the defeat of Nazi Germany became part of the Soviet Union and was renamed to Kaliningrad in 1946. After the fall of the USSR, Kaliningrad became part of Russia. Founded in 1255 on the site of the Old Prussian settlement Twangste by the Teutonic Knights during the Baltic Crusades, Königsberg (German for King's Mountain) received its name in honour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia, who led a campaign against the pagan Old Prussians, a Baltic tribe that was native to the area. A Baltic port city, it successively became the capital of the State of the Teutonic Order and the Duchy of Prussia. Königsberg remained the coronation city of the Prussian monarchy from 1701 onwards, though the capital was Berlin. From the thirteenth century, it was inhabited by Germans and Old Prussians, then also by Poles, Lithuanians and French Huguenots from the 14th, 15th and 17th centuries, respectively. It was a leading centre of the Protestant Reformation and a publishing centre of Lutheran literature. A university city, home of the Albertina University (founded in 1544), Königsberg developed into an important German intellectual and cultural center, being the residence of Simon Dach, Immanuel Kant, Johann Georg Hamann, Käthe Kollwitz, E. T. A. Hoffmann, David Hilbert, Agnes Miegel,

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